Regulation by Hypothetical
ABSTRACT
A new paradigm is afoot in banking regulation—and it involves a turn toward the more speculative. Previous regulatory instruments have included geographic restrictions, activity restrictions, disclosure mandates, capital requirements, and risk management oversight to ensure the safety of the banking system. This Article describes and contextualizes these regulatory tools and shows how and why they were formed to deal with industry change. The financial crisis of 2008 exposed the shortcomings in each of these regimes. In important ways, the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank”) departs from these past regimes and proposes something new: Call it “Regulation by Hypothetical.”
Regulation by hypothetical refers to rules duly promulgated under appropriate statutory and regulatory mechanisms that require banks and their regulators today to make predictions about sources of crisis and weakness tomorrow. Those predictions—which, by their very definition, are conjectural and speculative, even hypothetical—then become the basis of the use of the state’s regulatory power. This Article discusses two prominent instances of regulation by hypothetical: stress tests and living wills. It then discusses the strengths and weaknesses of such a regime and describes how the reliance on regulation by hypothetical can exacerbate the practice of government sponsorship of private financial risk taking. The Article then provides a solution that would strengthen this regime: using financial war games to increase the predictive value of the hypothetical scenarios.
AUTHOR
Assistant Professor, University of Georgia School of Law. I would like to thank workshop and conference participants at the University of Georgia, the University of Connecticut Financial Scholar’s Conference, the Association of American Law Schools Annual Conference, the Southeastern Law Schools Association Annual Conference, and Law & Society Annual Conference. I would also like to thank Saule Omarova, Dan Coenen, Bo Rutledge, Usha Rodriguez, Elizabeth Pollman, Anita Krug, Cliff Rossi, Julie Hill, Kent Barnett, and Jared Bybee for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this draft. Special thanks to Peter Conti-Brown for his invaluable guidance in the early stages of this article as well as his help with the title. I would also like to thank my research assistants: Heather Percival, Ricardo Lopez, and Maria Rivera-Diaz.